Category: Science

Updates in science, research and educational knowledge via Foxcrawl Science

Spectacular photo: Las Vegas pictured at night from space by ISS astronaut

From a revolving International Space Station hovering 400 kilometers above Earth’s surface, Las Vegas seems like a spot of light surrounded by the darkness of Nevada desert.

The stunning photograph featuring the Sin City was taken by ISS Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield and became an internet sensation.
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Besides his successful professional career and being the first Canadian to walk in space, Hadfield is known also for tweeting great snaps of Earth. He is due to become the space station’s first Canadian commander in March 2013.

Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield who is currently residing aboard ISS, snapped an amazing photo showing Las Vegas at night

January 28, 2013
VIDEO: Oymyakon – coldest locality on Earth as thermometer shows stunning minus -52 degrees Celsius

Many of you may have wondered what the coldest inhabited place on Earth is! Well, the answer is apparently provided by the footage below which comes also with a clear proof (scroll down for video and photos).

Oymyakon forest (By Maarten Takens via Wikimedia)
Oymyakon is a small village in northeastern Russian Republic of Yakutsk. Considering that the average temperature is minus 50 degrees Celsius in January, it is obvious why the rural locality is known as the coldest dwelling spot on our planet.

The place is named also the “Pole of Cold”, and the lowest ever temperature recorded in the settlement which hosts 500 people was 71.2 degrees Celsius.

It sounds somehow funny that Oymyakon actually means “non-freezing water,” though even when throw boiling water, it freezes in the air; in fact the name comes from a nearby hot thermal spring.

The chilly place which hosts about 500 people, was more than half a century ago a stopover for reindeer herders who watered their flocks at the thermal spring.
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No way of agriculture in Oymyakon, therefore people’s only feeding source is the reindeer and horse meat. The settlement has only one store and a school that does not close unless the temperature drops below minus 52 degrees Celsius.

The village is located 750 meters above sea level and the daylight may vary from 3 hours in December to 21 hours in the summer.

Video: Digital thermometer records -52 degree Celsius in Oymyakon, Siberia, Russia

Temperature points to -52 degrees Celsius in Oymyakon, Earth’s coldest settlement (capture:youtube)

January 23, 2013
Mars River Proves Once Existed Water On Red Planet

Spectacular images show that Mars once had abundant water!!!

Reull Vallis: ESA’s Mars Express spaceprobe revealed stunning “river-like structure” proving that one water flowed on Mars
European Space Agency (ESA) has released a series of stunning photographs depicting the dry print of a huge stream that once meandered on Mars.

The images, taken by ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft, show Reull Vallis, a structure that resembles a dried up bed of a large river. Scientists believe that would have formed due to the existence of flowing water on Mars.

Waters had carved a channel with steep banks in the area called Promethei Terra. The canal then heads to Hellas Basin.

The formation extends over a length of 1,500 km and along it there can be seen vestiges of tributaries of the former river. In some ways, the channel is 7 kilometer wide and 300 meter deep.
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Researchers say that Mars landscape’s details are reminiscent of morphology of formations found on Earth in areas affected by glaciation. For example, one could observe craters filled with sediment, and featuring circular shape and stepped walls.

A channel with a width of 7 km and a depth of 300 meter is thought to have been formed by water that once ran on Mars surface
Experts believe that such formations would have formed long time ago when water or ice had higher levels, before evaporating or subliming (sublimation = transformation of a solid, such as ice, directly into vapor/steam without first melting), gradually, in different periods of the history of the planet.

It is considered that the structures would have taken shape, on the one hand, because of the digging process of the substrate carried out by the flowing water during a period called hesperiene (which ended 3.5 to 1.8 billion years ago) and subsequent erosion caused by rocks debris and ice during a period called the Amazon – which continues today – because of the glaciers flow.

The images suggest that the region had a long and troubled geological history, indicating the existence of some interesting features similar to regions and geological phenomena on Earth.

January 22, 2013
VIDEO: 20-year-old woman Brooke Greenberg “refuses” to grow, amazes doctors as she looks like a baby

An American adolescent “locked” in the body of a child stunned the international scientific community (scroll down for videos).

Brooke is aged 20 but she has physical and cognitive features of an one-year-old infant (Youtube capture)
Although she looks like a baby, Brooke Greenberg from Reisterstown, Maryland, is actually 20-year-old. Besides the physical stagnation, she did not develop cognitively as well, as her intellectual capacity is similar to that of a 1-year-old toddler.

Brooke Greenberg was born in 1993, but can not speak, still have milk teeth and walks using a trolley. She seems to suffer from “Syndrome X”, thus being the only person known to date suffering of this condition that manifests by an abnormally slow growth rate.

Her father, Howard Greenberg, said: “From age 1 to 4, Brooke changed. She grew a little bit bigger. However at the age 4 or 5 she stopped.”

Scientists believe her unique DNA could offer important clues about the aging process and lead to the development of treatments for diseases such as Parkinson that occurs at old age.

Brooke Greenberg (in the push chair) and her family were invited on Katie Couric’s show (Credit: Katie Couric)
The girl is 76 centimeters tall, seven kilograms in weight and needs constant care. She is fed through a tube that is connected directly to the stomach because her esophagus is so tiny that food may reach her lungs causing pneumonia.

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Brooke Greenberg stopped growing at age 4 to 5, has remained the same size for 15 years as she is diagnosed with syndrome X condition. (Youtube user HLN)
Professor Richard Walker, of the University of South Florida School of Medicine, conducted several tests on Brooke’s DNA and believes that this unique case could provide a new understanding of the aging process.

Dr Eric Schadt, director of the Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology at The Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, said that she has “no clear abnormalities in her endocrine system, no gross chromosomal abnormalities, or any of the other disruptions known to occur in humans that can cause developmental problems”.

Video: Frozen in time: Brooke Greenberg trapped in infant body

Video: 20-year-old woman trapped in child’s body

January 14, 2013
Death Star project rejected. US Government not backing destruction of planets

Americans demanded the construction of Death Star Space Station but U.S Presidential Administration said that “does not support the destruction of planets”

American people failed to have Death Star Space Station built as the government lacks money. Photo:news.discovery.com
More than 34,000 people have signed an online petition asking the American presidency to build a space station inspired by Star Wars and called Death Star. People claim that such a project would solve the problem of unemployment and consolidate national defense.

Obliged to respond to petitions – regardless of subject – if the number of signatures exceeds 25,000, Paul Shawcross, a government adviser on matters of science, published on the website of the Administration that such a project is too expensive and lacking opportunities.
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He argues that to make “Death Star” project come reality would cost around 850 dollars quadrillions (1 quadrillion = 1,000 billion) while the White House is currently working to find ways to reduce the federal budget.

In addition, Shawcross explains, the Obama administration “does not support the destruction of planets”.

January 13, 2013
PHOTO: Asteroid Apophis to pass near Earth Wednesday night

Apophis asteroid, which scientists believe it has a tiny chance to collide with the Earth during this century, is 20% higher than previously thought. The discovery was announced by representatives of the European Space Agency (ESA).

ESA revealed that in recent days Herschel telescope scanned the space rock called 99942 Apophis which passes by Earth on the night of Wednesday, January 9 to Thursday, January 10 [scroll down for Slooh Space Camera which live streams Apophis passage].

Data from the telescope revealed that the diameter of the asteroid is not 250 meters as initially thought (with a measurement error of 60 meters) but 325 meters, with a maximum measurement error of 15 meters.

“According to our estimation, this increase in diameter by 20%, from 270 to 325 meters, means a volume or a mass 75% larger than previously thought,” said Thomas Mueller from Max Planck Institute.

Apophis was first spotted in 2004 and its detection triggered a serious scare as early calculations unveiled a 2.7 % probability of collision in 2029, however the risk was quickly downgraded after ongoing observations unveiled that the rock will fly by at (only) 30,000 km.

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Today’s encounter makes Terra and Apophis be 14.5 million kilometers apart. Thanks to this passing, scientists will be able to better calculate asteroid’s trajectory before its subsequent visits in 2029 and 2036.

Furthermore scientists used thermal sensors to discover that Apophis is somehow darker than previously thought. Only 23% of the light falling on the asteroid is reflected and the rest is absorbed. This finding is important as it allows scientists to calculate the Yarkovsky effect, which causes acceleration of the asteroid.

Apophis’s visit can be seen live today, January 10, 2013, starting midnight 00:00 GMT using SLOOH cameras.

Next month on 15 Feb., a 57-meter asteroid named 2012 DA14, will pass by near Earth at only 34,500 kilometres (21,600 miles) and that’s the closest flyby so far of any detected space rock.

January 10, 2013
Energy saving light lamps lead to skin cancer, new study says

Lately, energy efficient fluorescent lamps have increasingly enjoyed people’s appreciation. A new study warns that these lamps emit alarming levels of UV radiation, increasing the odds of individuals to develop skin cancer.

Energy efficient fluorescent light bulbs are able to fry human skin, cause cancer. Photo:renovat.ro
The study was conducted by researchers at Stony Brook University in New York, who measured the amount of UV emission and analyzed the fluorescent coating of the bulbs.

They also compared the effects of economic fluorescent lamps on human skin cells to the effects of incandescent bulbs. The results showed that in each lamp studied, the fluorescent layer was damaged, thus escaping UV radiation.
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Human skin cells turned out to be affected when exposed to irradiation from energy saving light bulbs. “The results showed that “light” from such bulbs can initiate cell destruction,” said Marcia Simon. Researchers claim that energy-saving lamps could cause even death.

“Energy saver light bulbs may cause skin cancer in its deadly form, i.e. melanoma,” added Rebecca Tung.

January 9, 2013
Rare ground level photo of atomic bomb mushroom cloud taken 30 minutes after Hiroshima bombing

Researchers at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum announced today (Jan. 9, 2013) the discovery of a rare image depicting the mushroom cloud formed after the catastrophic atomic bombing that rocked the Japanese city and killed tens of thousands of people.

The photo was snapped from a ground level and shows the atomic cloud featuring two overlapping structures.

Experts believe that black and white image was taken about 30 minutes after the bombing event on August 6, 1945, from a distance of about 10 kilometers east of hypocenter.

The picture was found on Monday among items related to the atomic bombing now owned by Honkawa Elementary School in Hiroshima, Japan.

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“A picture like this, showing the mushroom cloud divided into two parts, is very rare,” said museum representative.

Bomb “Little Boy” was dropped over Hiroshima by a U.S. B-29 Superfortress bomber (Enola Gay), turning the city in western Japan into a nuclear inferno. “Little Boy” was the first atomic bomb used in an armed conflict, causing about 140,000 deaths.

Three days later, on the 9th of august 1945, the second atomic bomb called “Fat Man” was detonated over Nagasaki, which resulted in the deaths of 70,000 people.

Photograph of atomic mushroom cloud looming over Hiroshima (public domain)

January 9, 2013
Did you know that…Sperm cell contains 37.5 mega of data? Amazing Scientific Curiosities

Two videos posted on the Internet contain a lot of scientific facts that might let you (not all, of course) open mouthed. Here below are the most interesting ones:

– Most alcoholic beverages contain the 13 minerals necessary for human survival.
– 1% of the world population is drunk at any moment.
– A single spermatozoon contains the equivalent of 37.5 megabytes of DNA information, which means that 1,500 terabytes of data are transferred during a sex act.
– On average, a human walks during his lifetime a distance three times the circumference of Earth.
– Peanut butter can be converted into diamond under extreme pressure.
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January 4, 2013
Video: Great Britain’s first hand transplant ever

A Brit was subjected to a hand transplant for the first time in the country. The 51-year-old man received the incredible news just the next day after Christmas and was immediately operated. He is currently recovering from surgery and can not wait to take his grandson by hand (scroll down for video).

First UK hand transplant was a success
Mark Cahill lost his right hand after he fell ill with gout. Doctors at the hospital in Leeds found a donor and announced him just after Christmas. In the next half hour, Mark already popped up at the hospital.

“At 8, on Boxing Day, I received a call that they might have a donor. As you can imagine it was the day after Christmas and it was quite shocking. They told me to give an hour before confirming that everything is okay. Then they called me back within an hour and in the next 30 minutes I was in hospital,” says the man.

Mark Cahill, from Greetland near Halifax underwent an eight hour intervention during which his arm was replaced.

He said: “When I look at it and move it, it just feels like my hand. Right now it feels really good, it’s not a lot of pain, it looks good, it looks a great match and I’m looking forward to getting it working now.”
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“First, I hope that I will be able to return to work. It’s a big difference. It will be the first time when I can cut my own food, be able to change shirts, tie my shoelaces, but most importantly I can hold my grandson hand,” he added.

Doctors at Leeds hospital said they were using a new technique that allows a precise restoration of nervous structures.

Video: Successful hand transplant surgery in Leeds, UK

January 4, 2013